Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix, the lower portion of the uterus that connects to the vagina. There are two types of cervical cancer: cervical squamous cell carcinomas are the most common and originate in the surface cells of the cervix, while less common cervical adenocarcinomas originate in the gland cells of the cervix. Around 12,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in the United States each year, and the five-year survival rate is above 70%. Most cervical cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is detectable through screenings during regular gynecological visits. Other risk factors include smoking, compromised immune system, Chlamydia infection, long-term use of oral contraceptives, and multiple pregnancies. Symptoms include heavy or watery vaginal discharge; heavy or prolonged periods; and unexpected vaginal bleeding. Cervical cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination of these.